En 1834, le préfet de la Seine, le comte Claude-Philibert de Rambuteau décide l'installation de 478 édicules sur la voie publique destinés à satisfaire les besoins naturels des passants. Pour couper court aux railleries de l'opposition, qui a bien vite baptisé l’édicule "colonne Rambuteau", le préfet lance l’expression "colonne vespasienne", en référence à l’empereur Vespasien, à qui on a attribué l’établissement d’urinoirs publics payants, à Rome. Les sobriquets se multiplient. "urinoirs", "water-closets", "pissotières"... Ce dernier terme, en référence au "trou dans la muraille d'un navire pour laisser s'écouler l'eau de surface", est resté et on en trouve la trace, évidemment, chez Marcel Proust : " M. de Charlus portait à ce moment-là - car il changeait beaucoup - des pantalons fort clairs et reconnaissables entre mille. Or notre maître d’hôtel, qui croyait que le mot « pissotière » (le mot désignant ce que M. de Rambuteau avait été si fâché d’entendre le duc de Guermantes appeler un édicule Rambuteau) était « pistière », n’entendit jamais dans toute sa vie une seule personne dire « pissotière », bien que bien souvent on prononçât ainsi devant lui. Mais l’erreur est plus entêtée que la foi et n’examine pas ses croyances. Constamment le maître d’hôtel disait : « Certainement M. le baron de Charlus a pris une maladie pour rester si longtemps dans une pistière. Voilà ce que c’est que d’être un vieux coureur de femmes. Il en a les pantalons. Ce matin, madame m’a envoyé faire une course à Neuilly. À la pistière de la rue de Bourgogne j’ai vu entrer M. le baron de Charlus. En revenant de Neuilly, bien une heure après, j’ai vu ses pantalons jaunes dans la même pistière, à la même place, au milieu, où il se met toujours pour qu’on ne le voie pas. » ". A cette époque, des homosexuels du 16e arrondissement de Paris les appellent "baies", plus convenable que "tasses" (plus argotique). Dans les milieux plus populaires, on les avait baptisées "Ginette".
Ces urinoirs publics sont en effet des lieux très courus par les homosexuels et les prostitués. Le 6 décembre 1876, le comte Eugène de Germiny, trente-cinq ans, avocat à la Cour d’appel, leader du parti catholique et conseiller municipal de Paris, est surpris dans un urinoir public des Champs-Elysées en compagnie d'un jeune ouvrier, Pierre Chouard, âgé de dix-huit ans. Lors du procès qui s'ensuit, le comte nie les faits pourtant décrits par les différents agents témoins de la scène : "Le 6 décembre dernier, entre dix heures et demie et onze heures du soir, étant en surveillance dans les contre-allées des Champs-Elysées, j'ai dû me préoccuper des allures d'un personnage dont j'ignorais alors le nom et la situation, et que j'ai su plus tard être M. le comte de Germiny. Il allait, il venait, pénétrant dans les urinoires, en sortant, y retournant, regardant autour de lui. Il échangea des signes avec un autre individu, le nommé Chouard, qui alla s'asseoir sur un banc. Chouard semblait attendre. Germiny s'avança vers le banc et s'y assit. Puis tous deux se dirigèrent vers un des abris disposés pour les besoins des passants. Là, un rapprochement s'opéra entre eux. [...] M. de Germiny a imprimé à M. Chouard une secousse qui a fait celui-ci se retourner, et alors ils ont pratiqué l'un sur l'autre des familiarités choquantes, au cours desquelles nous les avons surpris. [...] La situation physique des deux individus ne laissait pas la plus petite place au doute" (Le Petit Journal, 25 décembre 1876). Le comte "allègue en vain, pour atténuer sa faute, qu'un sentiment de blâmable curiosité l'aurait poussé à observer par lui-même, certains actes de honteuse débauche dont l'opinion publique s'était récemment émue", il est condamné "à deux, mois de prison et deux cents francs d'amende, Chouard à quinze jours de prison [...]. Chouard seul, amené à l'audience entre deux gardes de Paris, a entendu la lecture de cette sentence. [...] Quant au principal condamné, il était absent. On le dit en fuite" (Le Petit Journal, 1er janvier 1877). C'est au Brésil, où il a trouvé refuge, que Germiny serait mort un an plus tard. L'accident excitera la verve des chansonniers, comme on en jugera par ces quelques vers de Victor Mabille : "Un pissoir est un ciel pour qui ne vit qu'en rêve,/Au délire d'amour, eh ! qu'importe les lieux !/Viens, laisse-moi, devant que la nuit ne s'achève ;/Aux Champs-Elysées palper tes charmes nus,/Et goûter avec toi des plaisirs inconnus!"
Un article du Tintamare (1er juillet 1877) faisant état de certaines modifications dans la conception des urinoirs, attribue même cette nouvelle préoccupation des édiles parisiens aux déboires de leur infortuné collègue : "L'administration de la ville se livre depuis quelque temps sur la voie publique à des essais d'urinoirs nouveaux aussi nombreux que variés. On fait une véritable orgie de ces monuments d'utilité; on s'attache à y placer plusieurs compartiments et surtout à bien cacher les visiteurs qui s'y rencontrent. Il en existe en forme de mosquées, de temples égyptiens, de kiosques chinois, etc., etc. D'où vient ce goût pour les pissotières aux formes nouvelles ? Pourquoi la simple rambuteau ne suffit-elle pas ? Avons-nous plus de pudeur que nos pères? Que signifie cette façon de cacher soigneusement les passants qui accomplissent un besoin si naturel ? Sur tous les coins de Paris on construit des bastions, sortes de monuments blindés, ornés de mâchicoulis et de pointes de fer afin que nul ne pénètre autrement que par la porte, et que nul du dehors ne puisse soupçonner les actes auxquels on se livre à l'intérieur. Quelle religieuse pudeur s'empare donc de l'ordre moral ? Son aveuglement pour le maintien des bonnes moeurs le conduit à élever des monuments où l'on ne s'aventure pas sans scrupule depuis l'affaire Germiny.
C'est à se demander si l'on ne doit pas ces modèles extravagants de vespasiennes à la haute influence de ce comte. Si l'on persiste à entourer les pissotières de fossés et d'autres fortifications destinés à masquer les regards des passants, nous préférerons, au risque d'une amende, nous tourner contre le premier mur venu! Il devient dangereux de pénétrer dans ces sanctuaires étranges aux labyrinthes suspects qui font sûrement la joie des chevaliers de l'urinoir, mais non pas des hommes qui se contentaient de l'ancien modèle. Si ce sont des souricières de la police (ce qu'on finit par supposer) c'est à coup sûr une invention utile aux agents, mais absolument embêtante pour les gens honnêtes qui ne croient pas faire un crime d'être aperçu de dos quand ils urinent!"
Ainsi dénombre-t-on plus de 3500 urinoirs en 1893 et presque 4000 en 1904. Parfaitement adaptés aux relations sexuelles immédiates, ils présentent en outre de nombreux avantages qui expliquent leur forte fréquentation, compte tenu de l'impossibilité de recevoir chez soi pour beaucoup d'homosexuels ou de se rendre dans un garni sans éveiller les soupçons du logeur. D'abord ils sont disséminés un peu partout dans Paris ; ensuite leur accès est gratuit ; ce sont par ailleurs des lieux non-mixtes qui offrent un cadre public mais clos - notamment lorsque l'urinoir est doté de cabines individuelles, ce qui permet de limiter le risque de flagrant délit d'outrage public à la pudeur - ; et enfin, ils fournissent en cas de contrôle de police une excuse valable pour y justifier leur présence, comme en témoigne cette main courante de 1917 : "Goujard et Huguenin sont arrêtés le 7 octobre à 11 heures Bd Poissonnières en face du n°11 par le gardien de la paix Sclafert (Noël) du 2e arrondissement qui déclare avoir été prévenu par une dame que deux individus se masturbaient dans l'urinoir édifié en face l'adresse précitée. Il s'est retourné et a aperçu le geste obscène du caporal [...] qui masturbait le nommé Goujard [...] soldat au 39e régiment d'Infanterie [...] tenant la verge de celui-ci avec sa main gauche [...]. Ils reconnaissent tous les deux qu'ils se trouvaient dans l'urinoir, l'un à côté de l'autre, mais déclarent ne pas se connaître et ne s'être livré à aucun des faits obscènes mentionnés par le gardien. Confrontés, chacun persiste."
Dans ses Etudes de pathologie sociale : les deux prostitutions (1887), Félix Carlier écrit : "Cet acharnement à choisir des water-closets comme point de rendez-vous paraîtrait incroyable, si nous ne disions tout de suite que l'odeur qu'exhalent ces sortes d'endroits est une des conditions recherchées par une catégorie fort nombreuse de pédérastes, aux plaisirs desquels elle est indispensable. On verra plus loin que tous les water-closets publics, notamment ceux construits sur les bords de la Seine, que tous les recoins malpropres et puants, servent spécialement de lieux de rendez-vous. Ceux que leurs goûts pervertis poussent à rechercher cette singulière condition de bien-être - et ils sont très nombreux - forment la classe des renifleurs. L'ironie se devine." Dans les années 1870, 13% des arrestations sont réalisés aux urinoirs de la Bourse, très fréquentés en raison sans doute du calme qui règne la nuit dans ce quartier d'affaires qui, au surplus, est très central. D'ailleurs, ils sont toujours signalés dans les années 1880 et à la Belle Epoque. Il est également fait mention des urinoirs des Champs-Elysées qui constituent 10% des arrestations dans les années 1870. Certains urinoirs de Paris sont particulièrement signalés comme étant des lieux de "consommation sexuelle" et/ou de prostitution, notamment ceux des bords de Seine - près des Tuileries, près du Pont-Neuf, sur les places Saint-Gervais et du Châtelet, sur les quais Saint-Michel, de la Mégisserie, de Montebello et des Grands Augustins - et ceux des quartiers de Pigalle et Montmartre, et plus globalement tous ceux du 18e arrondissement au début du XXe siècle, autour des boulevards de Rochechouart et de Clichy, des places Blanche, Pigalle et de Clichy, en particulier autour de l'hippodrome (à l'angle de la rue Caulaincourt et de la rue Forest), de la rue de La Chapelle qui compte de très nombreux urinoirs fréquentés jour et nuit à la fin des années 1910.
Il en existe également dans des lieux plus inattendus, comme sur l'avenue de Villiers pendant la Première Guerre mondiale, servant de lieu occasionnel de prostitution. Les urinoirs des gares sont également très courus : gare d'Austerlitz à la Belle Epoque, gare de l'Est et de Strasbourg, gare de Vincennes sur la place de la Bastille dans les années 1870-1880 (elle relie à moindre coût Paris à la partie Est du département de la Seine, notamment les bords de Marne, devenus très populaires en raison des guinguettes qui y sont organisées). La gare Saint-Lazare est également mentionnée et constitue 2% des arrestations dans les années 1870. Il faut également signaler quelques urinoirs situés dans les 2e et 9e arrondissements - les deux arrondissements "les plus homosexuels" des débuts de la Troisième République à la Première Guerre mondiale : près de la basilique Notre-Dame des Victoires (à quelques pas du Palais Royal) dans les années 1870-1880, sur le boulevard Poissonnières à la Belle Epoque, et autour du Grand Hôtel sur le boulevard des Capucines, fréquenté par de riches touristes étrangers "qui veulent visiter les dessous de Paris". D'une manière globale, les prostitués "errent" fréquemment du côté des grands hôtels à la Belle Epoque, période durant laquelle Paris est clairement la ville la plus cosmopolite du monde.
Par ailleurs, les urinoirs des Halles, notamment du côté de la rue des Prouvaires, de la rue de la Tonnellerie et face à l'église Saint-Eustache (1er arrondissement) font l'objet de multiples rapports de police. "Les water-closets des Halles, explique Félix Carlier, furent, a une certaine époque, un rendez-vous auquel on venait le soir de tous les quartiers de Paris. C'est par centaines qu'on pouvait compter les gens qui venaient la pour chercher aventure. La police avait opéré, en moins d'un mois, plus de deux.cents arrestations pour outrages publics à la pudeur; toutes avaient été suivies de condamnations. Loin de tenir mystérieuses ces arrestations, de vouloir établir une souricière dans cet endroit, l'administration, dans le but d'effrayer ceux qu'une espèce de folie érotique ramenait chaque soir au même endroit, au grand scandale des passants, leur donnait la plus grande publicité possible. Les arrestations commençaient chaque soir à 9 heures, et duraient jusqu'à minuit. A minuit, les pédérastes étaient aussi nombreux qu'à 9 heures du soir. C'était à désespérer de pouvoir jamais débarrasser le quartier de cette tourbe hideuse. Les forts de la Halle se mirent bientôt de la partie. Chaque soir, vers minuit, à l'heure où ils venaient prendre leur travail, ils donnaient la chasse à ces êtres immondes, distribuant de gauche et de droite des horions dont ils ne mesuraient pas toujours la gravité. Arrestations, et horions, rien n'y faisait. Le lendemain, tous ceux qui n'avaient point été arrêtés la veille revenaient avec de nouvelles recrues, de telle sorte que la foule était toujours aussi nombreuse. [...] Ceux qui, condamnés, avaient subi leur peine, revenaient, le soir même du jour de leur mise en liberté plus enragés que jamais. Cela devenait intolérable, il fallait aviser. Les water-closets, qui existaient à deux des angles de l'ancien pavillon de la boucherie, étaient, par leur disposition intérieure, la cause de tout ce désordre. Ils avaient été construits sur le même plan. Un vestibule donnait accès dans trois loges, séparées les unes des autres par de minces cloisons en briques et fermées par des portes pleines munies d'un crochet intérieur. Lorsque les pédérastes eurent pris cet endroit pour lieu de rendez-vous, ils percèrent chacune de ces cloisons de petits trous, qui permettaient aux deux voisins de cellules de commettre entre eux, à travers cette cloison, des outrages publics à la pudeur. Chaque jour, les maçons de la ville bouchaient ces trous ; chaque soir, ces trous étaient percés à nouveau. L'administration prit un pari qu'elle crut héroïque ; elle remplaça les cloisons par des plaques de blindage en fonte. Le premier soir, ce fut une désolation. Ceux qui constatèrent ce changement sortirent de là la figure hébétée [...]. Quinze jours plus tard, les plaques de métal avaient été taraudées, les trous existaient à nouveau, et la cohue antiphysique y venait plus nombreuse que jamais. La fermeture de ces water-closets fut seule capable de mettre fin à ces scandales."
Ces ouvertures pratiquées dans les cloisons des latrines publiques sont également l'objet d'un rapport du commissariat de police du quartier des Champs-Elysées en 1862, au sujet des urinoirs du pont de la Concorde : "Une de ces ouvertures existant dans le mur de refends des latrines de la berge du pont de la Concorde m'ayant été signalée, j'ai immédiatement envoyé mon garçon de bureau et un de mes inspecteurs pour en opérer le bouchement, qui a été fait avec du plâtre et du ciment, et ne manquera pas de solidité." Permettant masturbation, fellation et sodomie, le trou par lequel l'un des partenaires glisse son pénis et auquel l'autre colle son anus ou sa bouche, est ici clairement utilisé pour échapper à un éventuel flagrant délit d'outrage public à la pudeur, caractérisé si des homosexuels étaient surpris ensemble dans une même cabine. Cette "manœuvre" représente clairement une résistance à la répression décrite par Félix Carlier dans les années 1850 à 1870. L’écrivain Lucien Descaves rédigera un violent article dans Le Journal (2 mars 1910), pour dénoncer les actes de débauche homosexuels qui ont fréquemment lieu dans les urinoirs de la capitale...
Mais la police n'est pas le seul danger que l'on rencontre dans les pissotières, il y a les maîtres-chanteurs. Dans Mes lundis en prison (1889), Gustave Macé décrit leur manière de procéder : "Bec-de-Gaz [...] exploite surtout des passants inoffensifs qui s'arrêtent dans les urinoirs. Il organise, dresse des plans, place ses associés et fait sa spécialité d'éteindre les lumières aux endroits où il opère. De là est sorti le sobriquet de Bec-de-Gaz. [Avec] son petit Jésus (un jeune et joli garçon dressé au vol et à la débauche), [il a] tiré profit de l'imprudence commise par un père de famille qui a lié conversation avec ledit Jésus dans les latrines des Halles. A l'entrée des cabinets, voyant debout un jeune homme à la mise convenable, porteur d'un mouchoir blanc placé dans la poche de devant de sa jaquette, il lui fit remarquer combien sa tenue contrastait avec ce milieu malpropre. La réponse affirmative fut prononcée d'un ton gracieux. A sa sortie, le petit drôle l'interpella d'une tout autre manière, et, se tournant vers Bec-de-Gaz, à l'affût du vilain coup qu'ils avaient préparé, il lui dit : - Croyez-vous, monsieur, que ce c... se propose de m'entretenir. - Je le connais, répondit le complice, je suis inspecteur des moeurs, on le surveille, depuis longtemps, et nous allons le conduire au commissariat de police. Surpris, ému, l'homme incriminé resta muet. -Vous êtes marié, père de famille ? lui dit brutalement le faux agent. Et, comme le malheureux fit un mouvement de tête confirmant la question, il ajouta : - Croyez à mon expérience, arrangez la chose chez le commissaire. Avec cent francs, vous en serez quitte et vous n'aurez qu'un dossier à la Préfecture de police. -En vous remettant cette somme, me laisseriez-vous libre ? demanda la victime. - Cela regarde le plaignant, je vais le consulter. Après quelques minutes d'entretien, Bec-de-Gaz et son complice exigèrent deux cents francs, et l'exploité conduisit ses exploiteurs à une grande librairie, où son frère était caissier. Celui-ci remit aux deux misérables le prix convenu.
[...] Chez les pédérastes, le mouchoir joue le rôle principal. C'est leur signe caractéristique, et tout de suite ils se reconnaissent ; sur le devant des effets il indique les actifs ; et lorsqu'il ressort des poches placées derrière le vêtement, il désigne les passifs. Il y a donc lieu de se méfier des jeunes gens qui mettent leur mouchoir trop en évidence, tant pis pour les amateurs de cette mode. Pendant la nuit, il est aussi dangereux de fréquenter les endroits sombres et déserts que de s'arrêter à certains buen retiro établis aux Champs-Elysées, à l'Esplanade des Invalides, au boulevard Bourdon et derrière les églises. Même pour satisfaire un pressant besoin, ne pénétrez pas dans les cabinets d'aisances des berges de la Seine, et si, aux cloisons des vespasiennes et des water-closets, vous apercevez des trous, disparaissez au plus vite, n'attendez pas qu'un de vos voisins de cellule vous passe, par ces étroites et rondes ouvertures, sa singulière carte d'invitation. Enfin pour éviter les vis-à-vis désagréables, les mauvaises rencontres, l'approche des sodomites et la visite des pickpockets, attendez, dans les urinoirs municipaux, la vacance des premières cases placées près des entrées. -Je constate avec regret, dit le Préfet, que Bec-de-Gaz et ses congénères ont à peine vingt ans..."
D'après Homosexualité et prostitution masculines à Paris : 1870-1918 par Régis Revenin
vendredi 11 mai 2012
mardi 8 mai 2012
Homosexuals in Dutch army : cases brought before the military court in Haarlem
In 1870, a marine, Mijas Schaap, tried to touch the genitals of his mate on the next cot, and when the man rebuffed his advances, the accused went on to the next bed. This scene was repeated twice, until finally with the fourth marine Schaap had his way, joining the man on his cot. The other soldiers heard them whispering and moving, but only when the noise awakened another marine did the bunk-mates of the sodomites decide to take action, on the initiative of this last marine. The ease with which Schaap approached his comrades is as amazing as their slow reaction. Also, the willingness of one marine to give in to his desires is remarkable. How often had Schaap seduced his mates before he was denounced? We will never know, but other similar cases indicate that it was not too difficult to find sex partners in the barracks or elsewhere within the garrison. Men who were more prudent than Schaap would not often have run into trouble. Two other soldiers were even less inhibited than Schaap. Andre Leroy assaulted three mates in succession, and Bernard Bongenaer was condemned for having pursued other soldiers in "several places such as the detention room, the train wagon, the guardhouse, the stockade, the yard of the barracks, and its public convenience."
The stockades of the barracks are often mentioned in these indictments. This suggests that some soldiers addicted to the pursuit of this pleasure were rather heedless in seducing their comrades and ran into problems only in new situations, such as the stockades. It is also possible that bunk-mates were disinclined to denounce the soldiers with whom they had lived for some time in the barracks unless there were aggravating circumstances. Such a balance, of course, did not exist in the stockades. In certain ways the barracks produced homosexual behavior. Fully half of the charges of public indecencies on the part of soldiers involved this setting. Sex was possible, in the first place, because the barracks dormitories were unlighted and crowded with young men who, moreover, were often drunk. Intoxication was mentioned in connection with twenty-five defendants, and of seventy-two men indicted for homosexual indecencies, fifty were between the ages of twenty and twenty-nine, which is considered to be a male's sexually most active age. Even if other soldiers wanted to denounce their bunk-mates, it was often difficult to prove what had actually happened. For a conviction, the courts required two witnesses to testify that they had seen the defendant commit the act, unless he confessed his crime. In many cases, the defendants were acquitted because the witnesses could not swear to have seen the bare genitals. In some cases involving a defendant who had tried to seduce various mates and had groped their private parts, the serial indecencies could not be proved because there was only one witness for each assault, which fell short of the evidentiary requirements for a conviction. Also, many of the accused seeking acquittal claimed they had been drunk or seduced by their comrade. In most instances, such exculpatory or extenuating circumstances did not sway the courts, although in exceptional cases they were accepted.
Because of the difficulties in arresting the sodomites, their mates tried in some cases to entrap them. Joseph Bendix, for example, had wanted to seduce his two bunk-mates to "dishonorable acts." On the next night, the soldiers decided to feign sleeping. Bendix waited until everything was silent, then asked his neighbor if he were asleep, and when he got no answer he started to open the man's trousers and fondle his genitals. At that moment, the soldier jumped up and punched Bendix; an indictment followed. In cases when an accusation could not be proven, there was another method of handling the case at the disposal of the authorities. Accompanying some court proceedings is a copy of the confidential report on the accused. From these reports, it appears that soldiers who could not be convicted were indeed placed in the second disciplinary class, in accordance with the order of the minister of war. It was the severest penalty possible outside the criminal law. Jan Willem Assie was accused of public indecency with a drunken fellow soldier, but he was acquitted because he only had laid his hand on his companion's thigh. Two years later, his superiors again suspected him of buggery in an instance that could not be proven. He nonetheless was consigned to the second disciplinary class, upgraded to the first class after three months, and finally released as a common soldier after another four months. A year later, Assie was apprehended flagrante delicto with a cavalryman and this time was sentenced to twelve months in prison. It is in connection with this sentence that we learn about Assie's former status in the first and second disciplinary classes. By implementing this approach, it was possible for officers to mete out sentences as severe as the solitary confinement of the courts and to do so even if an accusation could not be proven. Another soldier, Vitus de Birk, spent seven months in the two disciplinary classes because his superiors were convinced that he practiced unnatural crimes. From this supplementary source we also have information concerning a sergeant who was convicted for mutual masturbation with a corporal, and who had previously been in the disciplinary class for a sexual assault on a young woman. His desires certainly were not exclusively homosexual, and we may surmise that the same is true for many other indicted soldiers. One soldier [...] was asked by the court why he did not go to prostitutes, to which he replied that he did not have the money to do so. Homosexual behavior [...] was a cheap and easy way to have sexual pleasure.
Most of the accused did not succeed in consummating their sexual deeds, as they were caught in the act. The precise acts that were being perpetrated often cannot be ascertained, both because in many instances the men had only started touching each other and because the terms used in the court archives are vague, such as ontucht (vice or lewdness) and "loathsome posture." The specific sexual acts mentioned most frequently are anal penetration and mutual masturbation; fellatio is mentioned only rarely. The type of act apparently had no influence on the severity of the sentence. Nearly half of the cases (twenty-nine men) involved consensual sex. Most of these relations were consummated in the sleeping quarters of the barracks, but pairs of soldiers were also arrested in other places. These men were the most ingenious in presenting excuses, such as having been intoxicated. In the case of a sergeant and a corporal who were arrested in an Amsterdam park, the sergeant testified that he had been drunk, while the corporal stated that he had been forced by his partner. They did not succeed in convincing the court of their innocence. But two young marines who were found in "loathsome postures" in another Amsterdam park were acquitted, because they claimed they had only been relieving themselves. This was confirmed by a police officer who had been dispatched to the park following their arrest, for he indeed found their stools on the spot. According to the testimony, the marines also made remarks after their arrest that suggested culpability. The younger one confirmed to the arresting officer that he had been the "wife." And both marines apparently even tried to bribe the night watchmen not to arrest them. Precise investigative work was key in another case. A sergeant and a corporal were arrested on the ramparts on Naarden. There was only one witness, but the responsible under-officer immediately set off for the scene of arrest and thus was able to testify that the grass was downtrodden at that spot and that he had even found a substance looking most like "the raw white of an egg." The court held this to be definite proof of public indecency.
Regrettably, information on the sexual discourses of the soldiers is documented in only a few cases. In one, a trumpeter named Torrer complained that another soldier wanted to "queer" him (flikkeren, which as a verb is nonexistent in Dutch). "Queer" (flikker) was also used as a noun. One soldier remarked to bystanders that another soldier wanted to "sodomize" him (sodomieteren, also unknown as a verb in Dutch). Two twenty-one-year-old infantrymen mutually masturbated each other on a cot, and witnesses heard them say, "You have to strip naked," "Aren't you ready?" and "Yes, I am ready, feel it." When trying to seduce a trumpeter, the drunken corporal Andreas Enders said to him, "What a lovely little trumpeter you are," and "Let me feel your little sweet one," whereupon he tried to touch the trumpeter's genitals. The object of his desire then turned around, which the corporal understood not as a refusal but as an indication that the trumpeter was embarrassed in this situation, so he continued his advances and proposed to the trumpeter, "Come on to the street, then we can do a little thing, I'm so horny." Several years earlier, the following utterance was reported of two soldiers who enjoyed each other's company in a berth: "You are my best cock." The men lay naked against each other and embraced each other "as a man a woman." This gender metaphor also appears in other indictments. In the same year, a soldier testified that the accused had touched his genitals "as if he were a girl." Such gender metaphors are also documented in other archival sources. There are at least two ways of interpreting these metaphors. On the one hand, it may refer to the traditional sex/gender system of the sodomite: men who were approached felt themselves put in the passive (non-male) sex role and were afraid to be penetrated. [...] The second possibility is that anxiety about being put in the female role actually referred to being considered a queer and having a homosexual identity, if we assume that homosexual behavior and effeminacy were conflated, as in Trumbach's sex/gender system. This seems less likely in these cases. According to an Amsterdam court proceeding of 1830, a man was approached by someone described as a "sodomite" and as "being known to commit unnatural fornication"; here, the metaphor of effeminacy was applied not to the sodomite, but to the solicited man who had been put in a passive, unmanly role. The gender of the sodomite was certainly not questioned. The use of the gender metaphor can indicate both sex/gender systems, and it is not always possible to disentangle its references.
Not only cases of public indecency were prosecuted, but also aggravated assaults, assaults on minors, and sex with dependents. A fifteen-year-old trumpeter was caught in the act of rubbing his penis against the buttocks of a [little] boy. Probably because of his age, he was given a light sentence: three months in prison. Another soldier convicted of touching two boys, age fifteen and twelve, was sentenced to five years. The severest sentence in this series was handed down in the case of a twenty-one-year-old trumpeter, Petrus Wittebol, who had [...] violently assaulted another soldier (no age indicated, but probably in his late teens). Wittebol was condemned to ten years. Four out of seven assault cases were tried after the introduction of the revised criminal code in 1886, which extended the definition of sex crimes. The sentences were less severe than earlier, but more consistent. The hardest sentence after 1886, for a prison term of three years, was handed down in the case of a soldier in a hospital, who had masturbated two soldiers "until a seminal discharge took place." The young men were asleep in the barracks where the accused was on guard duty. How he succeeded in bringing them to climax without awakening them was not explained. [...] Psychical abnormalities are never mentioned in the Dutch material, and the court officials never sought the expert testimony of psychiatrists. The same was true of contemporary civil courts, which only started to rely on psychiatric expertise in the final decade of the nineteenth century. Nor was medical testimony concerning the clinical evidence of sodomy requested by military courts, and rarely so by civil courts. Sexual slanders were brought before the military courts in addition to sex crimes. One soldier was charged with slander after telling his fellow soldiers in the barracks that a certain captain had "obliged him to come to his quarters and that the captain forced him to do things and committed acts against him of a very obscene and vicious nature." Although these slurs were contrary to military discipline and were of a sort that would "expose [the captain,] if true, to the contempt and hatred of the citizenry," the court ruled that the barracks did not constitute a public place, and thus the soldier had not committed a crime. This is a remarkable decision, because the court never hesitated to consider indecencies in the barracks to be public deeds. And it is also remarkable that they did not shield the captain, surely a fellow officer, from this defamation. One soldier, who was being taken into custody for an unrelated crime, resisted the arresting sergeant, shouting at him, "Keep off my body, you dirty hound, I'll grab your sodomite! [Not a standard Dutch noun-he meant cock.] This is really a sodomitical thieves' gang here." He was sentenced to be drummed out of the military. But how true was his characterization of the barracks, and how routine was homosexual behavior in the sleeping quarters?
from "Homosexual Behavior in the Nineteenth-Century Dutch Army" by Gert Hekma in Journal of the History of Sexuality, Oct. 1991.
The stockades of the barracks are often mentioned in these indictments. This suggests that some soldiers addicted to the pursuit of this pleasure were rather heedless in seducing their comrades and ran into problems only in new situations, such as the stockades. It is also possible that bunk-mates were disinclined to denounce the soldiers with whom they had lived for some time in the barracks unless there were aggravating circumstances. Such a balance, of course, did not exist in the stockades. In certain ways the barracks produced homosexual behavior. Fully half of the charges of public indecencies on the part of soldiers involved this setting. Sex was possible, in the first place, because the barracks dormitories were unlighted and crowded with young men who, moreover, were often drunk. Intoxication was mentioned in connection with twenty-five defendants, and of seventy-two men indicted for homosexual indecencies, fifty were between the ages of twenty and twenty-nine, which is considered to be a male's sexually most active age. Even if other soldiers wanted to denounce their bunk-mates, it was often difficult to prove what had actually happened. For a conviction, the courts required two witnesses to testify that they had seen the defendant commit the act, unless he confessed his crime. In many cases, the defendants were acquitted because the witnesses could not swear to have seen the bare genitals. In some cases involving a defendant who had tried to seduce various mates and had groped their private parts, the serial indecencies could not be proved because there was only one witness for each assault, which fell short of the evidentiary requirements for a conviction. Also, many of the accused seeking acquittal claimed they had been drunk or seduced by their comrade. In most instances, such exculpatory or extenuating circumstances did not sway the courts, although in exceptional cases they were accepted.
Because of the difficulties in arresting the sodomites, their mates tried in some cases to entrap them. Joseph Bendix, for example, had wanted to seduce his two bunk-mates to "dishonorable acts." On the next night, the soldiers decided to feign sleeping. Bendix waited until everything was silent, then asked his neighbor if he were asleep, and when he got no answer he started to open the man's trousers and fondle his genitals. At that moment, the soldier jumped up and punched Bendix; an indictment followed. In cases when an accusation could not be proven, there was another method of handling the case at the disposal of the authorities. Accompanying some court proceedings is a copy of the confidential report on the accused. From these reports, it appears that soldiers who could not be convicted were indeed placed in the second disciplinary class, in accordance with the order of the minister of war. It was the severest penalty possible outside the criminal law. Jan Willem Assie was accused of public indecency with a drunken fellow soldier, but he was acquitted because he only had laid his hand on his companion's thigh. Two years later, his superiors again suspected him of buggery in an instance that could not be proven. He nonetheless was consigned to the second disciplinary class, upgraded to the first class after three months, and finally released as a common soldier after another four months. A year later, Assie was apprehended flagrante delicto with a cavalryman and this time was sentenced to twelve months in prison. It is in connection with this sentence that we learn about Assie's former status in the first and second disciplinary classes. By implementing this approach, it was possible for officers to mete out sentences as severe as the solitary confinement of the courts and to do so even if an accusation could not be proven. Another soldier, Vitus de Birk, spent seven months in the two disciplinary classes because his superiors were convinced that he practiced unnatural crimes. From this supplementary source we also have information concerning a sergeant who was convicted for mutual masturbation with a corporal, and who had previously been in the disciplinary class for a sexual assault on a young woman. His desires certainly were not exclusively homosexual, and we may surmise that the same is true for many other indicted soldiers. One soldier [...] was asked by the court why he did not go to prostitutes, to which he replied that he did not have the money to do so. Homosexual behavior [...] was a cheap and easy way to have sexual pleasure.
Most of the accused did not succeed in consummating their sexual deeds, as they were caught in the act. The precise acts that were being perpetrated often cannot be ascertained, both because in many instances the men had only started touching each other and because the terms used in the court archives are vague, such as ontucht (vice or lewdness) and "loathsome posture." The specific sexual acts mentioned most frequently are anal penetration and mutual masturbation; fellatio is mentioned only rarely. The type of act apparently had no influence on the severity of the sentence. Nearly half of the cases (twenty-nine men) involved consensual sex. Most of these relations were consummated in the sleeping quarters of the barracks, but pairs of soldiers were also arrested in other places. These men were the most ingenious in presenting excuses, such as having been intoxicated. In the case of a sergeant and a corporal who were arrested in an Amsterdam park, the sergeant testified that he had been drunk, while the corporal stated that he had been forced by his partner. They did not succeed in convincing the court of their innocence. But two young marines who were found in "loathsome postures" in another Amsterdam park were acquitted, because they claimed they had only been relieving themselves. This was confirmed by a police officer who had been dispatched to the park following their arrest, for he indeed found their stools on the spot. According to the testimony, the marines also made remarks after their arrest that suggested culpability. The younger one confirmed to the arresting officer that he had been the "wife." And both marines apparently even tried to bribe the night watchmen not to arrest them. Precise investigative work was key in another case. A sergeant and a corporal were arrested on the ramparts on Naarden. There was only one witness, but the responsible under-officer immediately set off for the scene of arrest and thus was able to testify that the grass was downtrodden at that spot and that he had even found a substance looking most like "the raw white of an egg." The court held this to be definite proof of public indecency.
Regrettably, information on the sexual discourses of the soldiers is documented in only a few cases. In one, a trumpeter named Torrer complained that another soldier wanted to "queer" him (flikkeren, which as a verb is nonexistent in Dutch). "Queer" (flikker) was also used as a noun. One soldier remarked to bystanders that another soldier wanted to "sodomize" him (sodomieteren, also unknown as a verb in Dutch). Two twenty-one-year-old infantrymen mutually masturbated each other on a cot, and witnesses heard them say, "You have to strip naked," "Aren't you ready?" and "Yes, I am ready, feel it." When trying to seduce a trumpeter, the drunken corporal Andreas Enders said to him, "What a lovely little trumpeter you are," and "Let me feel your little sweet one," whereupon he tried to touch the trumpeter's genitals. The object of his desire then turned around, which the corporal understood not as a refusal but as an indication that the trumpeter was embarrassed in this situation, so he continued his advances and proposed to the trumpeter, "Come on to the street, then we can do a little thing, I'm so horny." Several years earlier, the following utterance was reported of two soldiers who enjoyed each other's company in a berth: "You are my best cock." The men lay naked against each other and embraced each other "as a man a woman." This gender metaphor also appears in other indictments. In the same year, a soldier testified that the accused had touched his genitals "as if he were a girl." Such gender metaphors are also documented in other archival sources. There are at least two ways of interpreting these metaphors. On the one hand, it may refer to the traditional sex/gender system of the sodomite: men who were approached felt themselves put in the passive (non-male) sex role and were afraid to be penetrated. [...] The second possibility is that anxiety about being put in the female role actually referred to being considered a queer and having a homosexual identity, if we assume that homosexual behavior and effeminacy were conflated, as in Trumbach's sex/gender system. This seems less likely in these cases. According to an Amsterdam court proceeding of 1830, a man was approached by someone described as a "sodomite" and as "being known to commit unnatural fornication"; here, the metaphor of effeminacy was applied not to the sodomite, but to the solicited man who had been put in a passive, unmanly role. The gender of the sodomite was certainly not questioned. The use of the gender metaphor can indicate both sex/gender systems, and it is not always possible to disentangle its references.
Not only cases of public indecency were prosecuted, but also aggravated assaults, assaults on minors, and sex with dependents. A fifteen-year-old trumpeter was caught in the act of rubbing his penis against the buttocks of a [little] boy. Probably because of his age, he was given a light sentence: three months in prison. Another soldier convicted of touching two boys, age fifteen and twelve, was sentenced to five years. The severest sentence in this series was handed down in the case of a twenty-one-year-old trumpeter, Petrus Wittebol, who had [...] violently assaulted another soldier (no age indicated, but probably in his late teens). Wittebol was condemned to ten years. Four out of seven assault cases were tried after the introduction of the revised criminal code in 1886, which extended the definition of sex crimes. The sentences were less severe than earlier, but more consistent. The hardest sentence after 1886, for a prison term of three years, was handed down in the case of a soldier in a hospital, who had masturbated two soldiers "until a seminal discharge took place." The young men were asleep in the barracks where the accused was on guard duty. How he succeeded in bringing them to climax without awakening them was not explained. [...] Psychical abnormalities are never mentioned in the Dutch material, and the court officials never sought the expert testimony of psychiatrists. The same was true of contemporary civil courts, which only started to rely on psychiatric expertise in the final decade of the nineteenth century. Nor was medical testimony concerning the clinical evidence of sodomy requested by military courts, and rarely so by civil courts. Sexual slanders were brought before the military courts in addition to sex crimes. One soldier was charged with slander after telling his fellow soldiers in the barracks that a certain captain had "obliged him to come to his quarters and that the captain forced him to do things and committed acts against him of a very obscene and vicious nature." Although these slurs were contrary to military discipline and were of a sort that would "expose [the captain,] if true, to the contempt and hatred of the citizenry," the court ruled that the barracks did not constitute a public place, and thus the soldier had not committed a crime. This is a remarkable decision, because the court never hesitated to consider indecencies in the barracks to be public deeds. And it is also remarkable that they did not shield the captain, surely a fellow officer, from this defamation. One soldier, who was being taken into custody for an unrelated crime, resisted the arresting sergeant, shouting at him, "Keep off my body, you dirty hound, I'll grab your sodomite! [Not a standard Dutch noun-he meant cock.] This is really a sodomitical thieves' gang here." He was sentenced to be drummed out of the military. But how true was his characterization of the barracks, and how routine was homosexual behavior in the sleeping quarters?
from "Homosexual Behavior in the Nineteenth-Century Dutch Army" by Gert Hekma in Journal of the History of Sexuality, Oct. 1991.
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