"Après les épisodes de la vie de Jésus et de Marie, il n'est peut-être pas de sujet traité par les peintres avec plus de prédilection, de variété et de charme que saint Sébastien. Ce soldat, originaire de Narbonne, qui [...] fut martyrisé sous Dioclétien, tient-il donc un rang si considérable dans la hiérarchie céleste que son image ait inspiré sans cesse les maîtres de toutes les écoles, et que dans les églises et les musées de la chrétienté on le rencontre plus souvent encore que les apôtres et les disciples favoris du Christ [...] ? Non, cette popularité de saint Sébastien est due à d'autres causes.
D'abord il est le patron des tireurs à l'arc. Au Moyen-Age et sous la Renaissance, toutes les confréries d'archers et d'arbalétriers étaient placées sous son invocation. Seuls saint Georges, l'archange Michel et aussi Guillaume Tell comptaient autant de fervents que lui parmi les hommes d'armes. [...] De là [...] la quantité d'estaminets arborant ce nom pour enseigne. [...].
La multiplicité des saint Sébastien s'explique en outre par l'empressement que mettaient les peintres à affirmer leur science anatomique en même temps que leur goût esthétique dans la représentation d'un nu masculin irréprochable. D'après la légende, le saint était encore un tout jeune homme, un adolescent, lorsque, ayant confessé le Christ et s'étant opiniâtré dans sa foi, on le condamna à périr en lui laissant toutefois le choix de son supplice.
Le jeune officier aurait demandé à être lardé de flèches par ses propres soldats. Les peintres l'idéalisent, le caressent, le flattent à l'envi et nous le montrent sous les traits d'un gars athlétique, mais sculptural, d'un éphèbe à la fois mélancolique et radieux. Les Quatrocentistes et les Renaissants italiens surtout ne se lassèrent d'exalter ce martyr florissant, si beau qu'il en devenait presque païen. "Ce qui me frappe, dit un personnage du Lys rouge de M. Anatole France, c'est la sensualité de cet art italien du XVe siècle que l'on dit chrétien. Ces figures de vierges, d'anges et de saints sont voluptueuses, caressantes et parfois d'une ingénuité perverse. Qu'ont-ils de religieux ces saint Sébastien, brillants de jeunesse comme le Bacchus douloureux du christianisme ?" Au cours de trois voyages en Italie et notamment durant mon séjour à Venise, à Florence et à Sienne, j'ai vérifié l'exactitude de ce rapprochement.
Certes, la peinture flamande compte aussi quelques très belles interprétations de ce Dionysos catholique, depuis le Thierry Boots du musées de Bruxelles, svelte, maigriot, effaré et non dépourvu d'une certaine grâce gothique, jusqu'aux deux Van Dyck de la Pinacothèque de Munich : l'un, un parangon de beauté virile, un athlète dont l'héroïsme ne suggère rien de mystique ; l'autre, de formes non moins superbes, mais d'une physionomie plus intéressante, d'un charme quasi féminin, d'une expression pourtout plus mutine que douloureuse ; tous deux dignes de rivaliser avec les plus beaux Sébastien des écoles italiennes.
Les Espagnols nous ont aussi proposé des interprétations du patron des archers. Les plus connues sont les Ribera des musées de Cologne et d'Augsbourg. L'un montre le saint au premier plan, à l'agonie, tandis que des compagnons lui portent secours et que l'un d'eux arrache une flèche de la blessure ; on n'y trouve pas l'expression sereine de la plupart des autres figures du martyr, mais l'ensemble de la scène laisse une forte impression. L'autre inspire plus d'effroi et d'angoisse que de sympathie ; le réalisme et cette cruauté presque sadique convulsant et exaspérant la plupart des toiles espagnoles l'y emportent sur le charme spiritualiste et mystique.
Même les Allemands, dessinateurs consciencieux mais généralement médiocres appréciateurs de la pure beauté charnelle, nous ont laissé quelques saint Sébastien de touchante physionomie et d'élégante allure. A Cologne, trois panneaux d'un polyptyque du Maître de la famille de Marie (von Marien Sippe) sont consacrés au plus adonisiaque de tous les saints. Le maître anonyme l'a paré d'une grâce exquise, presque féminisée, contrastant avec les figures très belles aussi mais plus viriles des archers ; le coloris clair de l'ensemble relève encore la suavité des formes.
De Holbein le vieux, le musée de Munich possède un saint Sébastien à l'expression très douloureuse, debout, entourée de huit arbalétriers, ses exécuteurs.
Mais les plus merveilleux saint Sébastien furent créés en Italie. Chez les réalistes, chez ceux que l'enthousiasme et l'extase pour ainsi dire anesthésiques n'ont point assuré contre la torture et les affres, le corps demeure harmonieux de mouvements et de lignes, le visage noble et inspiré. Tel est le cas par exemple pour Mantegna de l'Hofmuseum de Vienne où la douleur physique tord les muscles et crispe les fibres d'un nu impeccable sans que la détresse infinie empreinte sur le visage en altère la troublante et céleste beauté. Les Guido Reni de Lille, de Stuttgart et du Louvre, loin de nous suggérer la souffrance physique montrent peut-être le martyr trop invulnérable ; ils lui prêtent en outre une pose quelque peu affectée, vaguement théâtrale ; comme la préoccupation de faire valoir sa poitrine et ses cuisses, les sensuelles attaches du cou, le galbe d'un visage encore plus androgyne que féminin. Mais ils n'en demeurent pas moins exquis !
Dans le Cima da Conegliano de l'Académie de Venise, le saint, debout près du trône de Marie, semble un bel athlète un peu rêveur et alangui. Dans le Francia de la National Gallery à Londres, le visage du saint, attaché à une colonne voisine du trône de la Vierge, respire une confiance ingénue dans le secours céleste, et du martyre il n'envisage que les palmes glorieuses. Dans un tableau de Pollaiolo, le primitif toscan, l'intérêt ne se porte plus sur le supplicié mais bien sur les bourreaux ; il va aux tireurs et non à la cible. [...] Ils bandent ou tirent leurs arbalètes, la bouche à demi ouverte par excès d'attention, le sourcil froncé pour accompagner le corps, les jambes écartées et étayées pour assurer la main.
Comment rendre en paroles la variété et le prestige de toutes ces sublimes figures qui ne cesseront de hanter, à l'égal des légionnaires d'une armée d'archanges et de demi-dieux, quiconque les a rencontrées dans les temples, les musées et les palais transalpins. Evocation consolante mais décevante aussi car elle nous faît paraître d'autant plus odieux non point nos contemporains mais les grotesques et les épouvantails, que nos peintres choisissent pour modèles.
Remémorons-nous le Titien, dans l'église de la Salute, dont une musculature ferme et souple, les pectoraux imposants, contrastent avec l'air timide, l'expression ingénue à la fois pudique et mutine de ce visage d'enfant qui baisse les yeux ; le Giovanni Bellini de l'Accademia, féminin et gracieux, plutôt mélancolique et résigné que douloureux ; le Basaiti, de la Salute, plus extatique et béat aussi que sensible à la souffrance corporelle ; le Mantegna de l'Accademia de Venise, où le corps amaigri, un peu penché en avant, décèle de récentes tortures mais dont le visage plein de tendresse filiale, les yeux levés vers les nues conjurent irrésistiblement la pitié du Père céleste.
Le Palma Vecchio à Santa Maria Formosa est moins exalté que ce Mantegna. Là-bas il me rappelait presque mon pays et mes champs, menant sa charrue, ce robuste garçon des Flandres ou de Brabant, fessu et joufflu, débordant de santé, d'humeur réjouie. Le voilà, en posture de martyr, à peine plus impressionné et intrigué qu'un conscrit venu pour la première fois de son village à la grande ville et qui a dû se déshabiller pour passer devant le conseil de révision. La bouche un peu entr'ouverte semble balbutier : "Que me veulent donc ces messieurs qui m'ont attaché tout nu à cet arbre ?" Le Bonifazio de l'Accademia de Venise, le corps admirablement étoffé et modelé, le torse superbe, le visage candide et avenant, rappelle aussi nos villageois corsés et renforcés. Mais celui-ci est de nature moins accommodante et placide que le Palma Vecchio. Cette épreuve l'impatiente. Il interroge le ciel avec une certaine provocation, de l'air d'un crâne garçon sans reproche, qui compte bien que les camarades de là-haut ne le laisseront pas en plan, ne l'abandonneront pas à sa situation critique. S'ils tardent, il est gaillard à rompre lui-même ses liens et à ne pas se laisser faire.
Et n'oublions pas dans une gamme plus suave, plus éthérée, d'une sensualité manifeste quoique toute religieuse, la série des Corrège ; celui de la Galerie de Vienne, triste et beau comme un ange exilé ; celui du Louvre où le saint, à la tête séraphique et ravie, assiste au mariage mystique de Marie et de Joseph ; celui du musée de Parme où prédomine la joie, car quoique criblé déjà de flèches, le martyr trouve sa consolation dans les êtres caressants et balsamiques dont l'essaim l'entoure ainsi que les myriades d'Océanides accourues pour réconforter Prométhée rivé sur son roc ; et ce Corrège peut-être supérieur encore, représentant le saint après son martyre, mais plus triste que pendant la torture, car quoique au paradis, tenant la flèche mortelle comme un sceptre, il semble songer aux humains qu'il a laissés sur la terre et qui supportent encore le poids de la vie.
Peut-être le plus réussi de tous ces saint Sébastien, celui dont la portée est la plus haute, la signification la plus intense, le symbolisme le plus étendu, demeure celui d'un artiste inégal mais qui parvint dans ces chefs-d'oeuvre à fondre la grâce de Raphaël avec la profondeur de Vinci. Le saint Sébastien des Uffizi de Florence, peint par Giovanantonio Bazzi, dit le Sodoma, sur une bannière de procession, réunit au plus haut point cette beauté à la fois dionysiaque et évangélique constatée par M. Anatole France. Saint Sébastien y réconcilie, au prix de son martyre, le paganisme et le christianisme, l'Olympe et le Golgotha. C'est le plus beau des dieux à qui la souffrance humaine ouvrira les portes du ciel des chrétiens."
(Georges Eekhoud, "Saint Sébastien dans la peinture" in Akademos, février 1909)
samedi 25 mars 2017
Buster Crabbe master of outer space
Comic strips were a basic form of entertainment to many people in the 1930s, especially during the depression, an art form that continued up to the 1950s, before television reduced its impact. Comics provided escape from the everyday routines of living. Buck Rogers rode a high wave of popularity in American newspapers at that time. But another spaceman character quickly caught up with the popularity of Buck Rogers in competing newspapers: Flash Gordon. He was created in 1934 by Alex Raymond (1909-1956) who was a great artist, respected in the industry as one of the finest, whose bold outlines, use of vivid colors, and strikingly handsome characters, grabbed the attention of many readers. It didn’t take Flash long to exceed the popularity of Buck and, within a year or two, Alex Raymond worked on another special project: to find a character to compete with the popular Tarzan comics. Alex’s answer to Tarzan came in the form of Jungle Jim, who possessed less of the savagery, and a more contemporary approach to jungle justice than Tarzan. Like Flash had done earlier, Jungle Jim was accepted by readers, although it never approached the popularity of Tarzan. Johnny Weissmuller (1904-1984) and Buster Crabbe (1908-1983), having once competed for the Tarzan lead, eventually came to dominate all four of these roles in the movies. They both played Tarzan at the beginning of their careers, but Weissmuller became the Tarzan, and when he grew too old for the rigors of the series, he became Jungle Jim - the only Jungle Jim. On the other hand, Crabbe became Flash Gordon and Buck Rogers. In short, Weissmuller ruled the jungle, and Crabbe was master of outer space.
Crabbe grew up in the islands, where he learned to literally "swim like a fish." He was a champion boxer in high school, and went on to become a champion swimmer in the Olympics (1932). Like his friend Johnny Weissmuller, Crabbe's swimming success gained him the attention of Hollywood and led to his entrance into films. Although Buster originally intended to become a lawyer and only took up acting to get enough money to enter law school, he quickly became a popular action star when he took the lead role in Paramount's King of the Jungle , a big-budget rip-off of MGM's Tarzan series. Crabbe starred as Kaspa, the Lion Man, but to all intents and purposes he was playing Tarzan. An independent producer, Sol Lesser, gained the rights to do five Tarzan films and, recognizing Crabbe as a natural for the part, he signed him up.
Unfortunately, the 12-chapter Tarzan the Fearless (1933), was a pretty weak effort, merely a cheap attempt to capitalize on the Tarzan legend - and Crabbe's superb physical prowess - by slopping together a mish-mash of jungle action. Crabbe himself, in his autobiography, put his finger on the cliffhanger's main weakness: "Lesser's [Tarzan] was an ignorant brute who spoke halting English - a loincloth leviathan." While a variation of this approach worked in the MGM films, Crabbe's Tarzan was also sabotaged by a weak script, which made the King of the Jungle seem like a self-interested savage rather than a heroic figure. Again in Crabbe's words: "no amount of promotion could save it."
After the Tarzan serial, Buster was signed to a contract by Paramount. In 1936, Universal Studios were going to make a serial called Flash Gordon. "I had followed old Flash in the papers for some time", wrote Crabbe in his autobiography, "and I pictured several actors in my mind who I thought would make good Flash Gordons. A guy on another planet was a way-out theme in those days, but still interesting enough to tickle the imaginations of adventurous souls. [...] So I decided to run out to Universal and watch the testing. I recognized two of the actors right away. One of them was the guy I thought would make a perfect Flash, a fellow named George Bergnian. He was a health nut who was good looking and had played in several bit parts around town. I’d worked with him a couple of times and, as I looked at him, I thought, with bleached hair, he’d be great. The other actor I recognized was Jon Hall. He was a swimmer and an athlete with a nice physique, good looking features, and also would have been good in the role. I stood around for half an hour or so, watching the actors jump around the stage, speak a few lines, and perform whatever actions the director requested. Some were excused after the first runthrough while others were given more time and kept to one side for another look. The producer of the picture was there, Henry MacRae, and at one point in the testing he walked over to where I was standing and introduced himself.
“You’re Buster Crabbe, aren’t you?” he asked. I smiled and nodded, shaking his hand. “Are you here to try out for the part?” “No, sir. I read about the testing and I had nothing better to do, so I thought I’d come over and watch. Is it okay?” “Sure. Glad to have you,” he said. He was silent for a minute, standing beside me as we both watched an actor go through his routine on stage. “How would you like to play the part?” “Me?” I knew who he meant, but I hadn’t come to get the part. My interest was only in satisfying my curiosity. I honestly thought Flash Gordon was too far-out, and that it would flop at the box office. God knew I’d been in enough turkeys during my four years as an actor; I didn’t need another one. “I’m under contract to Paramount,” I said. “I don’t know what plans they have for me.” “I know about your contract. We’ll arrange to borrow you.” He kept his eyes on mine, as if trying to read my responses before I spoke them. I looked back at the stage. “You’ve got some pretty good talent up there now.” “The part is yours if you want it,” he said matter-offactly, continuing to wait for my consent. “What makes you think I’d fit the part?” “I’ve seen some of your features. Alex Raymond and I discussed what qualities to look for in casting the lead, and from what I’ve seen of your work, you fit the bill.” “But I haven’t even tested for the part.” “It’s yours if you want it.” Somehow I got the impression that if I flat out said “No,” he’d have persisted. “That’s up to Paramount. If they say you can borrow me, then I’d be willing to play the part.” On that note, we shook hands, said good-bye, and I left. On the way home, I reflected upon the conversation. [...] I didn’t test for the part, nor was I ever asked to. Within a month after my conversation with Henry MacRae on the Universal sound stage, I got a call from my boss at Paramount, informing me that I had been loaned out to do the Flash Gordon serial. The production crew and cast were among the best talents available for what was going to be a B-movie.
[...] Just before Universal began filming the serial, I had to report to a hair dresser on Hollywood Boulevard
to have my hair bleached. Having always looked out at the world from under a dark brow, it was an unusual experience being a blond. It was as if someone had lifted the roof - suddenly, everything looked brighter. I spent a lot of time staring at myself in the parlor mirror, trying to adjust to the sudden change. It was a little embarrassing. The bleach job didn’t appeal to me at all. I braced myself for the goodnatured ribbing I’d have to take at the studio the next day, as I put my hat on and left the salon for home. I began to place myself into the role of Flash Gordon since I had been made-up to resemble him. It was kind of an unavoidable method-acting, brought about by this stranger who kept peering out of mirrors at me. [...] The first Flash Gordon was wrapped up in six weeks, just before Christmas of 1936. There was no cast party, as often is done for class-A movies. Some of the actors went across the street to a bar, to celebrate the end of our long ordeal. The director might pat us on the back and say, “nice job, guys,” but that was it. [...] When Flash Gordon hit the theaters in early 1937, it turned out to be a big hit. According to Universal’s front office, Flash grossed the second-biggest income the studio had that year. At the time, I wasn’t aware of the impact Flash would have on my life. [...]
Buck Rogers was [...] a 12-episode affair directed by Ford Beebe and Saul Goodkind. It was a story about two Earthlings frozen in suspended animation (a fore-runner of cryogenics?) who are awakened in the 25th century. A battle between the forces of good and evil had erupted in the universe, and the destiny of Earth hung in the balance. Although the art of rocketry and laser weaponry had reached a very advanced state, the American government of the future was quick to recognize the superior intelligence of Buck Rogers, and persuaded him to champion their cause at the rank of lieutenant colonel. Buck was a brunet, like me, which was nice for a change. Jackie Moran played the part of Buddy, my 20th century companion, which gave us a sort of Batman and Robin relationship [...]."
sources :
http://www.filmfax.com/features/pdf/buster_crabbe.pdf
http://filesofjerryblake.netfirms.com/html/buster_crabbe.html
Crabbe grew up in the islands, where he learned to literally "swim like a fish." He was a champion boxer in high school, and went on to become a champion swimmer in the Olympics (1932). Like his friend Johnny Weissmuller, Crabbe's swimming success gained him the attention of Hollywood and led to his entrance into films. Although Buster originally intended to become a lawyer and only took up acting to get enough money to enter law school, he quickly became a popular action star when he took the lead role in Paramount's King of the Jungle , a big-budget rip-off of MGM's Tarzan series. Crabbe starred as Kaspa, the Lion Man, but to all intents and purposes he was playing Tarzan. An independent producer, Sol Lesser, gained the rights to do five Tarzan films and, recognizing Crabbe as a natural for the part, he signed him up.
Unfortunately, the 12-chapter Tarzan the Fearless (1933), was a pretty weak effort, merely a cheap attempt to capitalize on the Tarzan legend - and Crabbe's superb physical prowess - by slopping together a mish-mash of jungle action. Crabbe himself, in his autobiography, put his finger on the cliffhanger's main weakness: "Lesser's [Tarzan] was an ignorant brute who spoke halting English - a loincloth leviathan." While a variation of this approach worked in the MGM films, Crabbe's Tarzan was also sabotaged by a weak script, which made the King of the Jungle seem like a self-interested savage rather than a heroic figure. Again in Crabbe's words: "no amount of promotion could save it."
After the Tarzan serial, Buster was signed to a contract by Paramount. In 1936, Universal Studios were going to make a serial called Flash Gordon. "I had followed old Flash in the papers for some time", wrote Crabbe in his autobiography, "and I pictured several actors in my mind who I thought would make good Flash Gordons. A guy on another planet was a way-out theme in those days, but still interesting enough to tickle the imaginations of adventurous souls. [...] So I decided to run out to Universal and watch the testing. I recognized two of the actors right away. One of them was the guy I thought would make a perfect Flash, a fellow named George Bergnian. He was a health nut who was good looking and had played in several bit parts around town. I’d worked with him a couple of times and, as I looked at him, I thought, with bleached hair, he’d be great. The other actor I recognized was Jon Hall. He was a swimmer and an athlete with a nice physique, good looking features, and also would have been good in the role. I stood around for half an hour or so, watching the actors jump around the stage, speak a few lines, and perform whatever actions the director requested. Some were excused after the first runthrough while others were given more time and kept to one side for another look. The producer of the picture was there, Henry MacRae, and at one point in the testing he walked over to where I was standing and introduced himself.
“You’re Buster Crabbe, aren’t you?” he asked. I smiled and nodded, shaking his hand. “Are you here to try out for the part?” “No, sir. I read about the testing and I had nothing better to do, so I thought I’d come over and watch. Is it okay?” “Sure. Glad to have you,” he said. He was silent for a minute, standing beside me as we both watched an actor go through his routine on stage. “How would you like to play the part?” “Me?” I knew who he meant, but I hadn’t come to get the part. My interest was only in satisfying my curiosity. I honestly thought Flash Gordon was too far-out, and that it would flop at the box office. God knew I’d been in enough turkeys during my four years as an actor; I didn’t need another one. “I’m under contract to Paramount,” I said. “I don’t know what plans they have for me.” “I know about your contract. We’ll arrange to borrow you.” He kept his eyes on mine, as if trying to read my responses before I spoke them. I looked back at the stage. “You’ve got some pretty good talent up there now.” “The part is yours if you want it,” he said matter-offactly, continuing to wait for my consent. “What makes you think I’d fit the part?” “I’ve seen some of your features. Alex Raymond and I discussed what qualities to look for in casting the lead, and from what I’ve seen of your work, you fit the bill.” “But I haven’t even tested for the part.” “It’s yours if you want it.” Somehow I got the impression that if I flat out said “No,” he’d have persisted. “That’s up to Paramount. If they say you can borrow me, then I’d be willing to play the part.” On that note, we shook hands, said good-bye, and I left. On the way home, I reflected upon the conversation. [...] I didn’t test for the part, nor was I ever asked to. Within a month after my conversation with Henry MacRae on the Universal sound stage, I got a call from my boss at Paramount, informing me that I had been loaned out to do the Flash Gordon serial. The production crew and cast were among the best talents available for what was going to be a B-movie.
[...] Just before Universal began filming the serial, I had to report to a hair dresser on Hollywood Boulevard
to have my hair bleached. Having always looked out at the world from under a dark brow, it was an unusual experience being a blond. It was as if someone had lifted the roof - suddenly, everything looked brighter. I spent a lot of time staring at myself in the parlor mirror, trying to adjust to the sudden change. It was a little embarrassing. The bleach job didn’t appeal to me at all. I braced myself for the goodnatured ribbing I’d have to take at the studio the next day, as I put my hat on and left the salon for home. I began to place myself into the role of Flash Gordon since I had been made-up to resemble him. It was kind of an unavoidable method-acting, brought about by this stranger who kept peering out of mirrors at me. [...] The first Flash Gordon was wrapped up in six weeks, just before Christmas of 1936. There was no cast party, as often is done for class-A movies. Some of the actors went across the street to a bar, to celebrate the end of our long ordeal. The director might pat us on the back and say, “nice job, guys,” but that was it. [...] When Flash Gordon hit the theaters in early 1937, it turned out to be a big hit. According to Universal’s front office, Flash grossed the second-biggest income the studio had that year. At the time, I wasn’t aware of the impact Flash would have on my life. [...]
Buck Rogers was [...] a 12-episode affair directed by Ford Beebe and Saul Goodkind. It was a story about two Earthlings frozen in suspended animation (a fore-runner of cryogenics?) who are awakened in the 25th century. A battle between the forces of good and evil had erupted in the universe, and the destiny of Earth hung in the balance. Although the art of rocketry and laser weaponry had reached a very advanced state, the American government of the future was quick to recognize the superior intelligence of Buck Rogers, and persuaded him to champion their cause at the rank of lieutenant colonel. Buck was a brunet, like me, which was nice for a change. Jackie Moran played the part of Buddy, my 20th century companion, which gave us a sort of Batman and Robin relationship [...]."
sources :
http://www.filmfax.com/features/pdf/buster_crabbe.pdf
http://filesofjerryblake.netfirms.com/html/buster_crabbe.html
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